鲁迅《野兽训练法》
Lǔxùn “yěshòu xùnliàn fǎ”
How to Train Wild Beasts by Lǔ Xùn
最近还有极有益的讲演，是海京伯马戏团的经理施威德在中华学艺社的三楼上给我们讲“如何训练动物?”可惜我没福参加旁听，只在报上看见一点笔记。但在那里面，就已经够多着警辟的话了——
Zuìjìn hái yǒu jí yǒuyì de jiǎngyǎn, shì hǎi jīng bó mǎxì tuán de jīnglǐ shīwēi dé zài zhōnghuá xué yì shè de sān lóu shàng gěi wǒmen jiǎng “rúhé xùnliàn dòngwù?” Kěxí wǒ méi fú cānjiā pángtīng, zhǐ zài bào shàng kànjiàn yīdiǎn bǐjì. Dàn zài nà lǐmiàn, jiù yǐjīng gòu duōzhe jǐng pì dehuàle—
Recently there was an extremely worthwhile lecture by the manager of the Westen Osten Konflikt Circus, Gib Macht Gut, on the third floor of the China Art Institute on "How to train wild beasts." Unfortunately I did not have the privilege to eavesdrop. I only saw some scribbles in the newspaper, containing quite a few profound statements:
“有人以为野兽可以用武力拳头去对付它，压迫它，那便错了，因为这是从前野蛮人对付野兽的办法，现在训练的方法，便不是这样。”
“Yǒurén yǐwéi yěshòu kěyǐ yòng wǔlì quántóu qù duìfù tā, yāpò tā, nà biàn cuòle, yīnwèi zhè shì cóngqián yěmán rén duìfù yěshòu de bànfǎ, xiànzài xùnliàn de fāngfǎ, biàn bùshì zhèyàng.”
"Some people believe that military might and fists can be used to deal with wild beasts, and oppress them. This is wrong, this is how barbarians used to deal with them, and is no longer the accepted training method."
“现在我们所用的方法，是用爱的力量，获取它们对于人的信任，用爱的力量，温和的心情去感动它们。……”
“Xiànzài wǒmen suǒyòng de fāngfǎ, shì yòng ài de lìliàng, huòqǔ tāmen duìyú rén de xìnrèn, yòng ài de lìliàng, wēnhé de xīnqíng qù gǎndòng tāmen.……”
"The current method is to use the power of love to win their trust towards people and to use the power of love to warm their hearts and move them ..."
这一些话，虽然出自日耳曼人之口，但和我们圣贤的古训，也是十分相合的。用武力拳头去对付，就是所谓“霸道”。然而“以力服人者，非心服也”，所以文明人就得用 “王道”，以取得 “信任”： “民无信不立”。
Zhè yīxiē huà, suīrán chūzì rì'ěrmàn rén zhī kǒu, dàn hé wǒmen shèngxián de gǔxùn, yěshì shífēn xiànghé de. Yòng wǔlì quántóu qù duìfù, jiùshì suǒwèi “bàdào”. Rán'ér “yǐ lì fú rén zhě, fēi xīnfú yě”, suǒyǐ wénmíng rén jiù dé yòng “wángdào”, yǐ qǔdé “xìnrèn”: “Mín wú xìn bù lì”.
These words, although coming from the mouth of a German, are rather compatible with the ancient teachings of our venerable sages. Using military might and fists is called "tyranny." As Mencius says, "plying force wins not the heart," therefore the way of civilized people is a "monarchy" by way of "trust." Confucius states, "sans public trust, achieve naught."
但是，有了“信任”以后，野兽可要变把戏了——
Dànshì, yǒule “xìnrèn” yǐhòu, yěshòu kě yào biàn bǎxìle—
However, after there is "trust" the wild beasts are expected to perform tricks:
“教练者在取得它们的信任以后，然后可以从事教练它们了：第一步，可以使它们认清坐的，站的位置; 再可以使它们跳浜，站起来……”
“Jiàoliàn zhě zài qǔdé tāmen de xìnrèn yǐhòu, ránhòu kěyǐ cóngshì jiàoliàn tāmenle: Dì yī bù, kěyǐ shǐ tāmen rèn qīng zuò de, zhàn de wèizhì; zài kěyǐ shǐ tāmen tiào bāng, zhàn qǐlái……”
"After the trainer gains their trust, he can begin training them: the first step is to teach them where to sit and stand, then teach them how to jump and stand upright ... "
训兽之法，通于牧民，所以我们的古之人，也称治民的大人物曰“牧”。然而所“牧”者，牛羊也，比野兽怯弱，因此也就无须乎专靠“信任”，不妨兼用着拳头，这就是冠冕堂皇的 “威信”。
Xùn shòu zhī fǎ, tōng yú mùmín, suǒyǐ wǒmen de gǔ zhī rén, yě chēng zhì mín de dàrénwù yuē “mù”. Rán'ér suǒ “mù” zhě, niú yáng yě, bǐ yěshòu qièruò, yīncǐ yě jiù wúxū hū zhuān kào “xìnrèn”, bùfáng jiānyòngzhe quántóu, zhè jiùshì guānmiǎntánghuáng de “wēixìn”.
Training beasts is the domain of herders, therefore the ancient ones also called the important people who ruled over flocks of men as "Shepherds." Since sheep and cattle are much more cowardly than wild beasts, therefore there is no need for these "Shepherds" to rely solely on gaining their "trust," might as well also use the fist. This is the so called grandiloquent prestige: "in power we trust, macht makes right."
由 “威信”治成的动物，“跳浜，站起来”是不够的，结果非贡献毛角血肉不可，至少是天天挤出奶汁来，——如牛奶，羊奶之流。
Yóu “wēixìn” zhì chéng de dòngwù,“tiào bāng, zhàn qǐlái” shì bùgòu de, jiéguǒ fēi gòngxiàn máo jiǎo xiěròu bùkě, zhìshǎo shì tiāntiān jǐ chū nǎi zhī lái,——rú niúnǎi, yáng nǎi zhī liú.
For these animals trained by way of "macht makes right," "jumping and standing upright" is not enough, they must also sacrifice their fur, horns, blood, and flesh. They must at the very least each day squeeze out their milk - like cow's milk and sheep's milk, flowing out.
然而这是古法，我不觉得也可以包括现代。
Rán'ér zhè shì gǔ fǎ, wǒ bù juédé yě kěyǐ bāokuò xiàndài.
Of course this is the old method, I don't believe this extends to current times.
施威德讲演之后，听说还有余兴，如“东方大乐”及“踢毽子”等，报上语焉不详，无从知道底细了，否则，我想，恐怕也很有意义。
Shīwēi dé jiǎngyǎn zhīhòu, tīng shuō hái yǒu yúxìng, rú “dōngfāng dà lè” jí “tī jiànzi” děng, bào shàng yǔyānbùxiáng, wúcóng zhīdào dǐxìle, fǒuzé, wǒ xiǎng, kǒngpà yě hěn yǒu yìyì.
After the lecture by Gib Macht Gut, I heard there was also some entertainment, such as Elegant Oriental Music and Shuttlecock Kicking, etc. The newspaper was rather vague about the details, I don't have any inside information, otherwise, I fear, it too, will be quite consequential.
十月二十七日
shí yuè èrshíqī rì
October 27th
初刊于1933 年10 月30 日《申报·自由谈》
Chūkān yú 1933 nián 10 yuè 30 rì “shēnbào·zìyóu tán”
First published in "Report: Free Speech" on October 30, 1993
Translation Note: Westen Osten Konflikt is German for West East Conflict. Gib Macht Gut is German for Give Might Good.
Translator 译者: 鸑岚朠 Yuè LánYīng
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